The Hoofers Club Accepted Many Women to Learn the Art of Hoofing From the Masters
Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences
Guelph School of Japanese Sword Arts, July, 2003
Women�due south Martial Arts: A Chronological History, 479 BCE-1896 CE.
479 BCE: A Greek woman named Hydne becomes a Hellenic hero by helping her father Skyllis pull up the anchors of some Iranian ships during a storm, thus causing the ships to founder and their crews to drown. While nearly modernistic regime propose that Hydne and her father were probably sponge-fishers, information technology is possible that they were upper-class athletes whose preparation for Dionysian pond meets had been interrupted by war. Why? First, Hydne and Skyllis� subsequent fame (Greek sponge-fishers rarely became Athenian heroes), and second, the paucity of detail and mass of conjecture surrounding the original sources.
About 460 BCE: The Greek historian Herodotus describes the practices and civilization of some female warriors he chosen the Amazons. Who the Amazons were is not known, and in practice there were female person warriors and priestesses throughout the Mediterranean world. Also, stories nearly Amazon mastectomies are likely owed to Hellenistic phase tradition rather than actual practice: Hellenistic actors traditionally bared their right breasts to show that they were playing unmarried females.
396 BCE: A Spartan princess named Kyniska becomes the commencement woman to win the chariot racing events at Olympia. While Plutarch wrote that Kyniska personally collection the winning chariot, most other ancient sources suggest that she was the possessor of those horses rather than their driver.
Most 330 BCE: Etruscan bronze statuettes show men wrestling with women. While the men were naked, the women wore thigh-length pleated tunics. Accordingly, the art was probably allegorical rather than erotic.
Near 322 BCE: Greek writers describe the female bodyguard of a N Indian prince named Chandragupta.
First century CE: A Chinese annalist named Zhao Yi writes about a woman who was a slap-up swordsman. She said the fundamental to success was abiding practice without the supervision of a principal; after awhile, she said, she just understood everything there was to know. But every bit immediately after saying this she accepted the job as swordsmanship instructor for the Kingdom of Yueh, perchance this description is lacking some verisimilitude. After all, if one did non need a teacher save one�s self to become a sword master, why would she herself become one?
xviii-27: A peasant rebellion rocks Shandong Province and leads to the collapse of the Xin Dynasty and the creation of the Later Han Dynasty. This unrest (called the Red Eyebrow Rebellion afterwards its members� practise of painting their eyebrows blood red) was led past a woman who claimed to speak with the vocalization of the local gods. Strictly speaking, this was a case of spirit-possession rather than shamanism.
About 41: After Han soldiers under the control of the Shensi aristocrat Ma Yuan kill a Vietnamese feudal lord living well-nigh Tonkin and publicly rape his wife and sister-in-law. These rapes may have been official acts, equally, from the Han perspective, they would have demonstrated the superiority of Chinese patrilineage over Vietnamese matrilineage. On the other hand, they could take been individual acts, equally the Chinese did non consider rape a public offense until 1983. Either way, the outrage causes the ii women, named Trung Trac and Trung Nhi, to incite a Vietnamese rebellion. This rebellion in turn introduces the Chinese to the giant statuary drums that the Vietnamese mountaineers used to transmit military information and provides a favorite subject for Vietnamese phase and boob plays.
About 55: The Roman Caesar Nero introduces his notorious Youth Games, which featured, to the disgust of the historian Tacitus, sword fights betwixt women.
Near 60: When a British queen named Boudicca refuses to pay taxes to the Romans, a Roman official has the woman flogged and her daughters raped. The outraged Celts retaliate by killing tens of thousands of Romanized Britons living in what is today Norfolk and Suffolk, and called-for the Roman capitol at Londoninium. When this rebellion is rediscovered through translation in the sixteenth century, it causes Boadica�south chariot, as the translators chosen information technology, to get an integral part of Elizabethan English nationalism. As for the unfortunate first century queen, she and her daughters committed suicide nigh Epping Upland afterward the Romans slaughtered the British men in battle.
About 200: A Christian philosopher named Clement of Alexandria writes that women should be athletes for God. That is, they should wrestle with the Devil and devote themselves to celibacy instead of bowing meekly to their destiny of mothers and wives. However, this was not a universally held view, and wealthy Roman men continued agreeable themselves with gymnastic, gladiatorial, and swimming acts featuring scantily-clad female competitors.
271: A group of Gothic women captured while armed and dressed as men are paraded through Rome wearing signs that read �Amazons.�
About 535: Korean aristocrats replace female person sword-dancers with male sword-dancers, apparently every bit a method of limiting the power of female shamans.
585: French churchmen debate whether women have souls. At least that is the postmodern feminist view of the fence, which was actually virtually whether the Old French discussion vir meant the same matter as the Vulgate Latin give-and-take man. (The decision was that information technology did not.)
590: The Christian Synod of Druim Ceat orders British women to quit going into battle aslope their men. The ban must not have been especially constructive, since the daughter of Alfred the Great is remembered as the conqueror of Wales and the people who taught sword dancing to the Ulster hero Cû Chulainn were female.
697: Roman Catholic priests prohibit Irish women and children from appearing on contested battlefields. This institutes a cultural change, for in pre-Christian times, Irish gaelic women and children had oftentimes accompanied Irish men into battle.
About 890: Beowulf is written. A villain of the piece is a homicidal crone chosen Grendel�s Mother. Meanwhile, in �Judith,� a much shorter poem written about the same time as Beowulf, the poet praises a God-fearing woman who gets a lustful feudal lord drunk and then beheads him with his own sword. While unusual (medieval heroines were ordinarily martyrs rather than killers), �Judith�southward� author obviously knew something nearly beheadings, every bit Judith, a handsome Hebrew woman, required two mighty blows to sever the demonic lecher�s head from its neck-rings.
Nearly 970: According to a twelfth century writer named Zhang Bangji, Chinese palace dancers began bounden their anxiety to make themselves more sexually bonny to men. The crippling practise was widespread throughout southern Cathay by the fourteenth century, and throughout all of Mainland china by the seventeenth, and is remarked because footbinding prevented well-bred Han females from effectively practicing boxing or swordsmanship until the twentieth century. (Some were noted archers, though, generally with crossbows.) Even so, into the 1360s, Hong Fu, Hong Xian, Thirteenth Sister, and other Chinese martial heroines (xia) were sometimes portrayed by women on Chinese stages, and in that location was a seventeenth-century reference to a fourteenth-century woman named Yang who was said to be peerless in the fighting fine art of �pear-bloom spear.� But in general this ended with the spread of footbinding, and from the fourteenth to twentieth centuries specially trained men played female roles in Chinese theatricals.
About 1020: The Iranian poet Firdawsi describes polo as a favorite sport of Turkish aristocrats. Co-ordinate to the thirteenth century poet Nizami, aristocratic Turkish women likewise played polo, which was the Central Asian equivalent of jousting.
1049-1052: A female general named Akkadevi becomes a heroine of west-central Indian resistance to southern Indian aggression.
About 1106: Troubadours popularize pre-Christian legends about an Ulster hero called Cû Chulainn who was and then much human being that past the age of seven, he already required the sight of naked women to distract him from wanton killing. Farther, every bit he got older, Cû Chulainn became notorious for conquering matristic societies by rape. Evidently Christian patrilinealism was being imposed on Ireland, and the victors were describing how it was being done, as in the primeval forms of the story, Cû Chulainn�s martial art instructors included a woman known every bit Scáthach, or �Shadowy.�
1146: Eleanor of Aquitaine, the cocky-willed 24-year old wife of Louis VII of France (and future wife of Henry 2 of England), joins the Second Crusade dressed and riding astride like a human. While this was doubtless chic (Eleanor never really entered battle with the Muslims), her condone for propriety acquired the Pope to forestall women from joining the Third Crusade of 1189. Similar about laws, the ban was widely ignored by the working classes.
1184: Minamoto soldiers kill a Taira full general named Yoshinaka and his wife. Subsequent Japanese accounts portray the woman, Tomoe Gozen, as a mighty warrior.
Thirteenth century: Tahitian priests introduce the huna organized religion into Hawaii. The martial art associated with this religion was known every bit lua, a word meaning �to pit [in battle]� or �two� (e.k., duality; the idea was to balance healing and hurting, good and evil.) The methods developed from both military hand-to-hand combat and the ritual killings that were office of the huna religion, and its practitioners were divided into those who used their skills to heal and those who used their skills to harm. Skill in lua involved setting or dislocating bones at the joints, inflicting or stopping hurting using finger strikes to nervus centers, and knowing how to utilize herbal medicines and sympathetic magic. Working-class Hawaiians, both men and women, also boxed and wrestled. There were no set up rules in these latter games, which were known collectively as mokomoko. Accordingly, players slapped palms upon like-minded to terms or to signify a draw.
1207: King Pedro II of Aragon sponsors the first European tournament known to take honored a woman. (His mistress, of form, equally Iberian nobles married for country and children rather than dearest.) The construction of prepared stands soon followed, as the lady and her servants could not be expected to stand in the mud like ordinary people.
1228: A woman challenges a man to a judicial duel at the lists in Bern, Switzerland, and wins. Such challenges were not uncommon in Deutschland and Switzerland during the thirteenth century, particularly during rape cases. To fifty-fifty the odds, such judicial duels were arranged by placing the homo in a pit dug every bit deep as his belly button while allowing the woman free movement effectually that pit. The usual weapons included leather belts, singlesticks, and fist-sized rocks wrapped in cloth. During these duels, if a participant�south weapon or paw touched the footing 3 times, he or she was declared defeated. Male losers were beheaded, while female losers lost their right hands.
1280: The Venetian merchant Marco Polo describes a Mongol princess named Ai-yaruk, or �Bright Moon,� who refused to get married until she met a man that could throw her. The story may be exaggerated, as information technology was non written until around 1295, and the writer, Rustichello of Pisa, was never one to permit facts stand in the way of a good story. However, it is likely that during his travels Polo really did run into some Mongol women wrestling.
1292: Northern Italian towns offset holding pugil-stick fights, bare-knuckle boxing matches, and cudgeling tournaments. Legend attributes the creation to the Sienese monk Saint Bernard, who taught that fists were improve than swords or sticks for deciding arguments, but illustrations show slapping games in which players sat cantankerous-legged on benches, and then took turns slapping ane another until somebody savage off the demote. Some other game involved slapping buttocks; this was often played between men and women. Mock equestrian battles were also fought in which a girl sat on a boy�s shoulders, and the pairs then undertook to knock over the other.
About 1300: A secretarial assistant to the Bishop of Wurzburg produces a manuscript depicting unarmored German fighters. Known today as Manuscript I.33 (pronounced 1, 30-three), the text is in Latin while the technical terms are in German. Almost of the piece of work, however, involved a serial of watercolor drawings showing students, monks, and even a woman training in a variety of sword-and-buckler techniques.
1354: The Islamic traveler Ibn Battuta reports seeing female warriors throughout Southeast Asia. While many of these women were probably sword-dancers, others were regal bodyguards. (Southeast Asian princes often preferred female bodyguards to eunuchs.)
1364-1405: Tamerlane�s armies ravage Central and Southwest Asia. While Tamerlane was a devout Muslim, and non-Muslims took the brunt of the Timurids� legendary cruelty, his utilize of female archers in defence of baggage trains appalled orthodox Muslim opponents.
1389: Sixty aristocratic women lead 60 knights and sixty squires from the Belfry of London to the lists at Smithfield. The thought of females actually fighting during a tournament was, in the words of a near-gimmicky German author, �as impossible as a king, prince, or knight plowing the ground or shoveling manure.� (Contemporary tales of female jousters appear about often in erotic fantasies and satires.) Women did sometimes compete in ball games and human foot races. Many wealthy women likewise enjoyed hunting with crossbows and falcons.
1409: Christine de Pisan, the Italian-built-in girl of a French court astrologer, publishes a volume called Livre des Faits d�Armes (�Stories of Feats of Arms�). Hers was a vernacular study of war machine strategy and international police. It included original work aslope translations of Vegetius and Frontinius. Information technology is also a reminder that medieval females could be as knowledgeable about military machine and political matters as was anyone else within their social or economic classes.
1431: The English burn a 19-year old Frenchwoman named Jeanne la Pucelle equally a witch. Her bodily law-breaking was rallying peasants to the French flag. (She and some Scottish mercenaries had won some important battles, thus giving the peasants promise.) Jeanne la Pucelle was renamed Jeanne d�Arc (Joan the Archer) during the sixteenth century. The modern cult of Saint Joan dates to the 1890s, when French politicians decided to employ the woman�s martyrdom to create a unifying national holiday. (Guardhouse Solar day, which the Catholics viewed as godless, and the Royalists viewed as an insult, was too controversial for this purpose.)
1541: While going up a river in Brazil, the Dominican monk Gaspar de Carvajal reports being attacked by a band of armed females. The story causes the river forth which Carvajal was traveling to be chosen �the Amazon.�
1541: Pedro de Valdivia leads a military expedition whose members included his mistress, Inés Suárez, overland from Peru into Central Republic of chile.
Most 1545: Women begin playing female roles on the French phase. The practise spreads to Italy around 1608, and Great britain around 1658. The reason was that dowryless females were willing to work for less coin than the men and boys who had traditionally played female roles.
1561: Mochizuki Chiyome, the wife of the Japanese warlord Mochizuke Moritoki, establishes a training school for female orphans and foundlings. The skills the girls learned included shrine bellboy, geisha, and spy. While Mochizuke-trained geisha are sometimes claimed as the first female ninja, it is more likely that the women were simply prostitutes trained to call up and echo whatever they heard from their carefully selected patrons.
Well-nigh 1590: A chronicler named Abu Fazl describes the harem of the Mughul Emperor Akbar every bit housing about 5,000 women. About 300 of these women were wives, the rest were servants and guards. The guards were generally from Russian federation and Ethiopia, and were little more than than armed slaves. There were exceptions, of course, and 1 of Akbar�s chief rivals in the 1560s was a warrior-queen named Rani Durgawati.
1601: A Javanese prince named Sutawijaya Sahidin Panatagam dies. Throughout his life, the man�south backbone and luck were legendary, and he reportedly forgave would-be assassins by saying that daggers could not pierce the skin of a man who was protected by the gods. He took this belief seriously, too, as his concubines included an East Javanese woman who introduced herself to him by attacking him with some pistols and butterfly knives.
1606: The Iberian navigator Quiros visits the Tuamotus Archipelago, and observes its Polynesian inhabitants wrestling. Both men and women wrestled, and there were sometimes mixed bouts. The audience defined the band by standing around the participants. The wrestling was freestyle, and hair pulling was allowed.
1611: The Mughul Emperor Jahangir falls in honey with an Iranian widow named Mehrunissa. The emperor�s fascination is not surprising, equally Mehrunissa was a gifted poet, competent wearing apparel and carpet designer, and avid tiger hunter. (She hunted from atop a closed howdah, and once killed four tigers with just six bullets.) Her niece was Asaf Khan�s daughter Arjumand Banu, the woman for whom the Taj Mahal was built.
1630-1680: Dueling provides a favorite theme for French playwrights. According to these writers, people (both men and women dueled in French plays) dueled more than often for dear than laurels, and noted that trickery brought victory more often than bravery.
About 1650: Doña Eustaquia de Sonza and Doña Ana Lezama de Urinza of PotosÃ, Alto Perú get the well-nigh famous female swashbucklers in Spanish America. At the fourth dimension, PotosÃ, a silvery-mining town in the Bolivian Andes, had more inhabitants than London, and was probably the richest urban center in the globe.
1688: Following a coup in Siam, women drilled in the use of muskets replace the 600 European mercenaries and Christian samurai who had served the previous government. The leader of these women was called Ma Ying Taphan, or the Slap-up Mother of War. Burmese princes too used female bodyguards within their private apartments, and European, Japanese, or Pathan mercenaries without.
Nigh 1690: Female wrestling acts become common in Japanese scarlet-light districts. Although Confucianist officials charged that such acts were harmful to public morals, female wrestling remained popular in Tokyo until the 1890s and in remote areas such as southern Kyushu and the Ryukyus until the 1920s.
1697: A 40-year former Maine woman named Hannah Dustin escapes from an Abenaki Indian state of war party afterward hatcheting to death two Abenaki men, their wives, and six of their vii children every bit they slept. (A third Abenaki woman and a child escaped, although both appear to have been injured.) For this slaughter (which is almost unique in borderland register), the Puritan minister Cotton Mather proclaimed Dustin �God�s instrument,� while the General Associates of Massachusetts awarded her a sizable scalp bounty.
1705: Considering a Comanche raid covered hundreds of miles and lasted for months, wives often accompanied war parties, where they served as snipers, cooks, and torturers. Unmarried Comanche women were too known to have ridden into combat, although this was considered somewhat scandalous..
1706: A trooper in Lord Hay�southward Regiment of Dragoons is discovered to be a adult female. At the time, she had thirteen years service in various regiments and campaigns. Afterward known equally Mother Ross, she had enlisted afterward first giving her children to her mother and a nurse. She spent her military machine career dressed in a compatible whose waistcoat was designed to shrink and disguise her breasts.
1707: The French opera star Julie La Maupin dies at the age of 37; in 1834 novelist Théophile Gautier made her famous as Mademoiselle de Maupin. In her time she was a noted fencer and cross-dresser; her fencing masters included her male parent, Gaston d�Aubigny, and a lover, a man named Sérannes. Other redoubtable Frenchwomen of the day included Madame de la Pré-Abbé and Mademoiselle de la Motte, who in 1665 fired pistols at one another from horseback from a range of about ten yards, and then, subsequently missing twice, took to fighting with swords. And in 1868, two women named Marie P. and Aimée R. dueled over which would get to marry a fellow from Bordeaux. Marie was hit in the thigh with the first shot, leaving Aimée free to ally the fellow. (Or so said the pop press.)
1722: Elizabeth Wilkinson of Clerkenwell challenges Hannah Hyfield of Newgate Market to see her on stage, and box for a prize of 3 guineas. The rules of the date required each woman to strike each other in the face while holding a half-crown coin in each fist, and the first to driblet a money would be the loser. These rules perhaps advise how bare-knuckle battle began, as James Figg was a chief promoter of women�southward fighting. For example, in August 1725 Figg and a adult female chosen Long Million of Westminster fought Ned Sutton and an unnamed adult female; Figg and Meg took the prize of £40. Even so, says historian Elliott Gorn, the desultory appearance of women at English prizefights simply �underscored male domination of the culture of the ring.� (Gorn, 1986, fn. 69, 265)
1727: Later on his army takes heavy casualties during a slave raiding expedition against Ouidah, Male monarch Agaja of Dahomey creates a female person palace guard and arms it with Danish trade muskets. Past the nineteenth century this female babysitter had 5,000 members. One thou carried firearms. The rest served as porters, drummers, and litter-bearers. These Dahomeyan women trained for state of war through vigorous dancing and elephant hunting. They were prohibited from becoming significant on pain of death. They fought every bit well or better than male soldiers, and were said past Richard Burton to be ameliorate soldiers than their incompetent male leadership deserved.
1759: Mary Lacy, a runaway serving daughter who served twelve years in the Imperial Navy, gets in a fight aboard HMS Sandwich. �I went aft to the main hatchway and pulled off my jacket,� wrote Lacy, �only they wanted me to pull off my shirt, which I would non suffer for fear of it being discovered that I was a adult female, and it was with much difficulty that I could keep information technology on.� The fight then adult into a wrestling friction match. �During the combat,� said Lacy, �he threw me such vehement cross-buttocks ... [as] were nearly plenty to dash my brains out.� But by �a about lucky circumstance� she won the tour, and afterwards she �reigned master over all the rest� of the send�south boys. (Stark, 1996, 137)
1768: After disguising herself every bit a boy and aircraft out with the French navigator Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, Jeanne Baré becomes the first female person to circumnavigate the globe. Women also served in the British Navy. These women avoided discovery considering European seamen seldom bathed and invariably slept in their dress.
1768: In the Clerkenwell district of London (mayhap at the London Spa), two female prizefighters mill for a prize of a dress valued at half-a-crown, while another 2 women fight against two men for a prize of a guinea apiece. And at Wetherby�s on Little Russell Street, the 19-yr quondam rake William Hickey saw �2 she-devils... engaged in a scratching and boxing match, their faces entirely covered with blood, bosoms bare, and the clothes nearly torn from them.� These �she-devils� were singers and prostitutes, and their pre-fight preparation consisted more often than not of drinking more gin than usual. Other crude venues included the Dog and Duck in St. George�s Fields, Bagnigge Wells on King�s Cross Route, and White Conduit House near Islington. (Quennell, 1962, 63-66)
1774: During Wang Lun�southward rebellion in Shandong Province, a tall, white-haired female rebel is seen astride a horse, wielding 1 sword with ease and ii with care. The woman, whose name is unknown, was a sorceress who claimed to be in bear upon with the White Lotus deity known as the Eternal Mother. An extra named Wu San Niang (�Tertiary Daughter Wu�) was likewise involved in Wang Lun�s rebellion. Described as a meliorate boxer, tightrope walker, and acrobat than her late husband, Wu�due south skill is remarked mainly considering female boxers were unusual in a guild whose standards of beauty required women to bind their feet.
1776: According to tradition, a Buddhist nun named Ng Mui creates a southern Shaolin boxing mode known as wing chun (�Beautiful Springtime�). The tradition has never been proven, and twentieth century stylistic leaders such equally Yip Chun believe that a Cantonese histrion named Ng Cheung created the style during the 1730s. If Yip is correct, then the female attribution could hateful that Ng Cheung specialized in playing female person roles, or that the ultimate master is a loving old adult female rather than some muscled Adonis. Still, it is possible that some southern Chinese women practiced battle in a group setting. During the late eighteenth century, Cantonese merchants began hiring Hakka women to work in their silkworm factories. (While ethnically Chinese, the Hakka had dissever dialect and community. Unlike nearly Chinese, these community did not include bounden the feet of girls. Therefore their women were physically capable of working exterior the home.) To protect themselves from kidnappers (marriage by rape remained a feature of Chinese life into the 1980s), these mill women gradually organized themselves into lay sisterhoods. So it seems likely that Ng Mui was but a labor organizer or caput of an orphanage whose name became associated with a boxing style.
1782: A 22-twelvemonth old Massachusetts woman named Deborah Sampson cuts her hair and enlists in the Continental Regular army. She called herself Robert Shurtliff, and fought confronting the Tories and British in New York. She also wrote letters for illiterate soldiers and did her best to avoid rough soldiers� games such as wrestling. (The one time she did wrestle, she was flung to the ground.) After the state of war, Sampson married, and in 1838 her married man became the first homo to receive a pension from the The states regime for his wife�s military service. Sampson�southward maritime equivalents during the Revolutionary War included Fanny Campbell and Mary Anne Talbot.
Near 1794: A boxing match between ii English language women is described. �Great intensity betwixt them was maintained for about two hours, whereupon the elder fell into peachy difficulty through the closure of her left center from the extent of swelling above and below it which rendered her blind� Their bosoms were much enlarged but yet they each continued to rain blows upon this most feeling of tissue without regard to the sad cries issuing forth at each success which was evidently to the please of the spectators.� (Hargreaves, 1996, 125)
Well-nigh 1805: British newspapers commencement reporting the faction fights that had been occurring at Irish fairs and equus caballus races since the 1730s. Irish men fought using sticks and brick-sized stones while Irish gaelic women struck using razors or stones sewn inside knitted socks. While it was adequate for a male faction fighter to apply his stick to parry a blow from a woman, it was considered bad form for him to hitting her with the stick. Fists and feet were another thing -- 2.5% of deaths associated with the faction fights were the results of kicks administered one time the other swain was down, and 5% of deaths were due to infected bites.
1807: Later on learning that the Polish hussar Aleksandr Sokolov was actually a Russian woman named Nadezha Durova, Tsar Alexander I awards Durova a medal for bravery and a commission as an officer in the Mariupol� Hussars. Durova continued serving with the Russian Army throughout the Napoleonic Wars, and retired equally a captain in 1816.
1817: The British fencing master Henry Angelo describes a mulatto fencer known as Chevalier de Sainte Georges as the finest fencer in the earth. Other noted Afro-European fencers of the period included Soubise, who taught aristocratic women (including the Duchess of Queensberry) to fence at Angelo�southward London salle.
Near 1820: According to Richard Kim, the wife of the Okinawan karate chief Matsumura Sokon becomes known as one of the finest karate practitioners in the Ryukyus. As Mrs. Matsumura could reportedly elevator a lx-kilo bag of rice with one hand, the reputation may accept been deserved. On the other hand, it could exist modern myth. For one thing, Matsumura Sokon was born in 1805. Since Asian men typically ally younger women, this means Mrs. Matsumura was likely no more than ten years old. For another, Okinawans commonly acquaintance female wrestling with prostitutes rather than the wives and daughters of aristocrats. Furthermore, left to their own devices, nearly Okinawan women accept up dancing rather than karate or sumo. Finally, Nagamine Shoshin did not publish the stories upon which Kim based his accounts until June 1952, which was more a half century after Matsumura�s decease. So perhaps some exaggeration crept in over time.
1821-1829: With significant exterior help, the Greeks free themselves from Ottoman Turkish rule. A heroine of the war was a Spetsiot woman named Lascarina Bouboulina, who commanded ships in battle against the Turks and Egyptians, and took pride in taking and discarding lovers like a man.
1822: In London, Martha Flaherty fights Peg Carey for a prize of £18. The fight, which started at v:xxx a.m., was won past Flaherty, whose training included drinking most of a pint of gin before the match. Female person prizefighting was a function of the low prevailing wage rate for unskilled female person labor. (Assuming she worked equally a fur sewer or seamstress, Flaherty�southward prize exceeded a twelvemonth�s wages.) Attire included tight-plumbing equipment jackets, short petticoats, and Holland drawers. Wrestling, kicking, punching, and kneeing were allowed. Women with greater economic freedom commonly preferred playing gentler games. For instance, although Eton did non play Harrow in cricket until 1805 -- Lord Byron was on the losing Harrovian side -- Miss Due south. Norcross of Surrey batted a century in 1788.
1829: The Swiss educator Phokian Clias publishes a pop concrete teaching textbook chosen Kalisthenie. (The title came from a Greek give-and-take meaning �beauty� and �strength.�) Clias favored light to moderate exercise, and rejected ball games for women considering he thought they required besides much use of the shoulder and pectoral muscles.
Almost 1830: An Italian woman named Rosa Baglioni is described as possibly the finest stage fencer in Germany.
1832: Warning that lack of exercise produced softness, debility, and unfitness, American educator Catherine Beecher publishes A Course of Calisthenics for Immature Ladies. And what was the all-time practise for a adult female, according to Mrs. Beecher? Vigorous work with mop and wash tub. No liberation there. Then, in 1847, Lydia Mary Child, author of The Trivial Girl�s Own Book, became slightly more audacious, saying that �skating, driving hoop, and other adolescent sports may be practiced to swell advantage past little girls provided they can exist pursued within the enclosure of a garden or court; in the street, of course, they would be highly improper.� (Guttman, 1991, 91)
1847: Queen Victoria decides that women who served aboard British warships during the Napoleonic Wars would not receive the General Service Medal. At least three women applied, and many more were technically eligible. But they were all denied. Explained Admiral Thomas Byam Martin, �At that place were many women in the armada equally useful, and [issuing awards to women] will leave the Army exposed to innumerable applications of the same nature.� (Stark, 1996, lxxx-81, fn. 66, 184)
About 1850: After catching her trying to steal their horses, Flathead Indians club to death a Blackfoot war chief called Running Eagle. Every bit Blackfoot men frequently rode naked into battle as a manner of showing that they had naught to lose by fighting, information technology cannot be argued that Running Hawkeye masqueraded every bit a human. Instead, information technology seems to accept been fairly mutual for childless Blackfoot women to participate in horse-stealing expeditions. Cantankerous-dressing men (berdache) also accompanied Plains Indian military expeditions. The cross-dressers provided supernatural protection and the women did the cooking. The Indians were never every bit sexually obsessed every bit the European Americans, and ethnographic evidence suggests that most rapes attributed to the Indians were actually washed by European or African Americans. (While tales of female sexual bondage to the Indians have been a staple of English language and American literature, theater, and movies for 300 years, near Indian cultures require warriors to get through lengthy cleansing rituals before having sex with anyone, male or female. These rituals were taken seriously, likewise, equally failure to accomplish them properly could cause a man to lose his war magic.)
1850: Theater managing director A.H. Purdy introduces the spectacle of Amazons, or uniformed women performing shut order drill, to the New York stage. Female drill teams remained popular with N American audiences for the next 150 years; only wait at football one-half-fourth dimension exercises. And even past mid-nineteenth century standards, most of these acts were tame amusement. In 1852, for case, Hispanic women appeared on San Francisco stages wearing nothing simply bolero jackets, garters, and slippers. In 1877, immigrant women dressed in spangled tights and swung on trapezes in Wyoming saloons. And in 1881, �Turkish dancers� appeared on Arizona stages wearing nada but open up vests and transparent pantaloons. Contemporary audiences even enjoyed transvestite performances and so long as the cross-dressers kept their identify. (Their popularity is suggested past noting that the practice of describing transvestite performers as dressing �in drag� dates to near 1870.) Explained Tom Barrett, a hoofer for Haverley�s Augmented Mastodon Minstrels, �Every show had a quartet, and almost every show had a female person impersonator� [who appeared during] the second part, what we unremarkably called the big act. That was where some of the boys would put on wench dresses and they would play some fool sketch or travesty.� (Erdoes, 1985, 172) Of course, when the cross-dressers overstepped their limits (every bit did 3 male cancan dancers at the Bird Cage Saloon in Tombstone, Arizona, shortly before the Shoot-out at the OK Corral), then they might be dragged offstage and beaten.
1854: In New York City, an Englishman named Harry Hill opens a concert saloon at 25 East Houston Street. Although prizefights were illegal in New York, Harry Hill�s nightly shows included boxing and wrestling acts. Most pugilists were male -- both William Muldoon and John Fifty. Sullivan started at Harry Hill�s � but could be female person. In 1876, for case, Nell Saunders boxed (and trounce) Rose Harland for the prize of a silver butter dish. A cartoon published in the National Police Gazette on Nov 22, 1879, shows Harry Hill�south female person boxers wearing T-shirts, knickers, and buttoned shoes, and showing a scandalous amount of arm and thigh. Harry Hill�s had two entrances. The main entrance was for men, who paid 25¢ admission. The side door was for women, who paid nil. Hill�south drinks were over-priced and the air was a cloud of tobacco smoke. Other than that, Loma ran a respectable house, and his boxers circulated among the oversupply to proceed information technology that mode. Reform politicians finally caused Harry Hill�due south to shut in 1886.
1857-1858: Forty-seven battalions of Bengali infantry and several independent principalities insubordinate against Britain�s Honourable East India Company. Although most rebels were men, the all-time-known rebel was a adult female, the 25-year erstwhile Rani of Jhansi. She rode into battle armed and armored like a man, and died of wounds received nearly Gwalior in June 1858. The Rani�due south counterpart on the British side, a woman whom the modern Indians revere much less, was an every bit redoubtable Afghan widow from Bhopal named Sikander Begum.
1864: In volume I of a text chosen Principles of Biology, the English language philosopher Herbert Spencer coins the phrase �survival of the fittest.� Spencer saw nature as a country of pitiless warfare with the elimination of the weak and unfit as its goal. People who did not read him closely soon applied this theory to social dynamics, and called the event Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism was a very pop theory amidst white-collar workers whose masculinity (and jobs) were threatened past women and immigrants.
1865: Full general James Miranda Barry, the Inspector General of the British Army Medical Department, dies in London, and is discovered afterward death to have been female.
1870: In a world where clerks and secretaries were increasingly female person, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch�s novel Venus in Chains turns male clerks� terror of what Henry James called �damnable feminization� into a fantastic story of fur-clad, whip-cracking women verbally and sexually abusing men. Besides creating a stock effigy for subsequent pornographic fiction, Masoch�southward conclusion retains some validity: �Whoever allows himself to exist whipped deserves to be whipped.�
1875: Parisian street gangsters are reported shaving their heads and dressing in metal-studded leather jackets. The printing responded by called such people �apaches.� Originally, this proper noun referred to a Belgian pepperbox revolver that had a blade under its barrel and a knuckle-duster in its butt instead of the Athabascan people of the American Southwest, but later on the Apache leader Geronimo became a household word the revolver was forgotten. Around 1890, the apache name also began to describe a sadomasochistic dance genre in which tattooed, scarred women fought knife or saber duels while stripped to their underclothes, or smiled while men slapped them around.
1878: J. R. Headington argues in the American Christian Review that female athletics represented a 9-step path to ruin. For example, a croquet political party led to picnics, picnics led to dances, dances led to absence from church, absence from church led to immoral conduct, immoral conduct led to exclusion from church (no forgiveness here!), exclusion from church building led to running abroad, running away led to poverty and discontent, poverty and discontent led to shame and disgrace, and shame and disgrace led to ruin. While many middle-class women heeded Headington�southward communication, fewer upper-class women did, causing female athleticism, especially in golf game, lawn tennis, and cycling, to become increasingly common throughout the late nineteenth century.
1881: Charlotte Perkins Gilman of Providence, Rhode Island, becomes the United States� first known female body-builder. Besides lifting weights, Gilman ran a mile a day and boasted of her ability to �vault and jump, go upwards a knotted rope, walk on my easily nether a ladder, boot as high as my head, and revel in the flying rings.� By 1904, fencing was likewise popular with Rhode Island gild women; instructors included Eleanor Baldwin Cass while students included Marion Fish and Natalie Wells.
1881: A Swedish adult female named Martina Bergman-Osterberg becomes the Superintendent of Concrete Pedagogy for London�s public schools. By 1886, she had trained 1,300 English schoolteachers in the methods of Swedish gymnastics. �I effort to train my girls to help raise their ain sexual practice,� said Bergman-Osterberg, �and then accelerate the progress of the race.�
1884: The British scientist Sir Francis Galton tests 500 men and 270 women to encounter how fast they could punch. He found that the men averaged 18 feet per 2d, with a maximum speed of 29 feet per 2nd, while the women averaged thirteen feet per second, with a maximum speed of 20 anxiety per 2d. In other words, while some women could hit harder than the boilerplate human being, most women could hit simply 55% as hard.
1884: A 20-year old American woman named Etta Hattan adopts the stage proper noun of Jaguarina, and bills herself as the �Ideal Amazon of the Age.� Whether Hattan was all of that is of course debatable, but she was certainly Amazon enough to defeat many men at mounted broadsword fencing during her 15-year professional career.
1887: Circus magnate P.T. Barnum hires wrestler Ed Decker, the Little Wonder from Vermont, as a sideshow attraction. Barnum offered to pay $100 to anyone who could pin Decker, and $50 to anyone who could avoid being pinned inside three minutes. Despite weighing but 150 pounds and standing simply 5�6� tall, Decker reportedly never lost to a paying client. Of course, some matches were harder than others, and as a British sideshow boxer told a reporter year later, �I still pray, �Oh, Lord, let me win the easy mode.�� Women too fought equally booth boxers. Co-ordinate to Ron Taylor, a Welsh sideshow promoter of the 1960s, �My grandmother used to challenge all comers. She wore protectors on her chest, but she never needed them. Nobody she ever went up confronting could even come close to hitting her.� (Undated clippings in Joseph Svinth collection.) The most famous of these British fairground pugilists was probably Barbara Buttrick, who was the women�s fly and bantamweight boxing champion from 1950-1960. This said, non all the female pugilists were female. For instance, a carnival shill named Charles Edwards told A. J. Liebling about a plow-of-the-century Texas circus that had a woman stand in forepart of the tent promising $l to any man who could stay three rounds with her. In one case within the dimly lit tent, the mark then found himself boxing a cantankerous-dressing male wait-alike.
1889: Female person boxing becomes popular throughout the The states. Champions included Nellie Stewart of Norfolk, Virginia, Ann Lewis of Cleveland, Ohio, and Hattie Leslie of New York. The audiences were male, and the fighters sometimes stripped to their drawers like men. Savate fights in which kicking was allowed were likewise popular. Girls as immature as 12 years headed the bills. Cuts were stitched on the spot, and the women oft fought with broken noses, jaws, and teeth. In that location were occasionally matches betwixt female boxers and female savate fighters. In 1902, for example, a Mlle. Augagnier beat Miss Pinkney of England during such a bout. Pinkney was ahead during the first 90 minutes, but then Augagnier managed to kicking Pinkney difficult in the confront, an advantage that she immediately used to send a powerful kick into Pinkney�due south abdomen for the victory.
1889: Female wrestling becomes popular in French republic and England. Masha Poddubnaya, married woman of Ivan Poddubny, claimed the women�south championship. Said journalist Max Viterbo of a female wrestling match in the Rue Montmartre in 1903, �The stale smell of sweat and foul air assaulted your nostrils. In this overheated room the spectators were flushed. Smoke seized us by the throat and quarrels broke out.� As for the wrestlers, �They flung themselves at each other similar modern bacchantes -- pilus flying, breasts bared, indecent, foaming at the oral fissure. Everyone screamed, applauded, stamped his feet.� (Guttman, 1991, 99-100)
1891: Richard Kyle Fox and the National Police Gazette sponsor a women�southward championship wrestling match in New York City. To prevent hair pulling, the women cut their pilus short, and to keep everything �decent,� the women wore tights. (Not all matches were and so prim, and in 1932, Frederick Van Wyck recollected some matches of his youth that were between �ii ladies, with null but trunks on.�) (Gorn, 1986, 130) Fox�s wrestlers included Alice Williams and Sadie Morgan. The venue was Owney Geoghegan�s Bastille of the Bowery.
1895: Theodore Roosevelt hires the New York Constabulary Section�due south first female employee. The reason was that Minnie Kelly did more work for less coin than did the two male secretaries she replaced. In 1896, Commissioner Roosevelt as well gave uniforms and badges to the women who processed female prisoners at police stations. Excepting meter maids and secretaries, police force departments used women mainly as matrons and vice detectives until 1968, when the Indianapolis law pioneered the use of female patrol officers.
1896: San Francisco�s Mechanics� Pavilion becomes the offset United states boxing venue known to have sold reserved seats to women. (The occasion was a title bout between Bob Fitzsimmons and Jack Sharkey, and Fitzsimmon�s wife Rose was notorious for sitting ringside and shouting advice to her husband.)
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